基本使用

from selenium import webdriverfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import Byfrom selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keysfrom selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ECfrom selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWaitbrowser = webdriver.Chrome("D:/chromedriver.exe")try:    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')    input = browser.find_element_by_id('kw')    input.send_keys('Python')    input.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)    wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)    wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'content_left')))    print(browser.current_url)    print(browser.get_cookies())    print(browser.page_source)finally:    browser.close()

声明浏览器对象

from selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser = webdriver.Firefox()browser = webdriver.Edge()browser = webdriver.PhantomJS()browser = webdriver.Safari()

访问页面

from selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')print(browser.page_source)browser.close()

查找元素

单个元素

from selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')input_first = browser.find_element_by_id('q')input_second = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#q')input_third = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="q"]')print(input_first, input_second, input_third)browser.close()

• find_element_by_name
• find_element_by_xpath
• find_element_by_link_text
• find_element_by_partial_link_text
• find_element_by_tag_name
• find_element_by_class_name
• find_element_by_css_selector

from selenium import webdriverfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import Bybrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')input_first = browser.find_element(By.ID, 'q')print(input_first)browser.close()

多个元素

from selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')lis = browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('.service-bd li')print(lis)browser.close()

from selenium import webdriverfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import Bybrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')lis = browser.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.service-bd li')print(lis)browser.close()

• find_elements_by_name
• find_elements_by_xpath
• find_elements_by_link_text
• find_elements_by_partial_link_text
• find_elements_by_tag_name
• find_elements_by_class_name
• find_elements_by_css_selector

元素交互操作

对获取的元素调用交互方法

from selenium import webdriverimport timebrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')input = browser.find_element_by_id('q')input.send_keys('iPhone')time.sleep(1)input.clear()input.send_keys('iPad')button = browser.find_element_by_class_name('btn-search')button.click()

更多操作: 

交互动作

将动作附加到动作链中串行执行

from selenium import webdriverfrom selenium.webdriver import ActionChainsbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'browser.get(url)browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')target = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#droppable')actions = ActionChains(browser)actions.drag_and_drop(source, target)actions.perform()

更多操作: 

执行JavaScript

from selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')browser.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)')browser.execute_script('alert("To Bottom")')

获取元素信息

获取属性

from selenium import webdriverfrom selenium.webdriver import ActionChainsbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'browser.get(url)logo = browser.find_element_by_id('zh-top-link-logo')print(logo)print(logo.get_attribute('class'))

获取文本值

from selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'browser.get(url)input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')print(input.text)

获取ID、位置、标签名、大小

from selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'browser.get(url)input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')print(input.id)print(input.location)print(input.tag_name)print(input.size)

Frame

import timefrom selenium import webdriverfrom selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementExceptionbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'browser.get(url)browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')print(source)try:    logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')except NoSuchElementException:    print('NO LOGO')browser.switch_to.parent_frame()logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')print(logo)print(logo.text)

等待

隐式等待

当使用了隐式等待执行测试的时候，如果 WebDriver没有在 DOM中找到元素，将继续等待，超出设定时间后则抛出找不到元素的异常, 换句话说，当查找元素或元素并没有立即出现的时候，隐式等待将等待一段时间再查找 DOM，默认的时间是0

from selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.implicitly_wait(10)browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')print(input)

显式等待

from selenium import webdriverfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import Byfrom selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWaitfrom selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ECbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)input = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'q')))button = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.btn-search')))print(input, button)

• title_is 标题是某内容
• title_contains 标题包含某内容
• presence_of_element_located 元素加载出，传入定位元组，如(By.ID, 'p')
• visibility_of_element_located 元素可见，传入定位元组
• visibility_of 可见，传入元素对象
• presence_of_all_elements_located 所有元素加载出
• text_to_be_present_in_element 某个元素文本包含某文字
• text_to_be_present_in_element_value 某个元素值包含某文字
• frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it frame加载并切换
• invisibility_of_element_located 元素不可见
• element_to_be_clickable 元素可点击
• staleness_of 判断一个元素是否仍在DOM，可判断页面是否已经刷新
• element_to_be_selected 元素可选择，传元素对象
• element_located_to_be_selected 元素可选择，传入定位元组
• element_selection_state_to_be 传入元素对象以及状态，相等返回True，否则返回False
• element_located_selection_state_to_be 传入定位元组以及状态，相等返回True，否则返回False
• alert_is_present 是否出现Alert

详细内容：

前进后退

import timefrom selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.get('https://www.baidu.com/')browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')browser.get('https://www.python.org/')browser.back()time.sleep(1)browser.forward()browser.close()

Cookies

from selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')print(browser.get_cookies())browser.add_cookie({
    'name': 'name', 'domain': 'www.zhihu.com', 'value': 'germey'})print(browser.get_cookies())browser.delete_all_cookies()print(browser.get_cookies())

选项卡管理

import timefrom selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome("D:/chromedriver.exe")browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')browser.execute_script('window.open()')print(browser.window_handles)browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[1])browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')time.sleep(1)browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[0])browser.get('https://python.org')browser.close()

异常处理

from selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')browser.find_element_by_id('hello')

from selenium import webdriverfrom selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException, NoSuchElementExceptionbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()try:    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')except TimeoutException:    print('Time Out')try:    browser.find_element_by_id('hello')except NoSuchElementException:    print('No Element')finally:    browser.close()

详细文档：